Following Myanmar’s February 2021 coup, checkpoints have exploded, crucial to both the military junta and resistance forces. Based on fieldwork in Sagaing Region and Chin State in 2022-2023, this paper theorises the relational dynamics at and between their respective checkpoints. Checkpoints are variously used by the junta to suppress resistance and generate revenue, and by resistance forces to undermine the military’s supply lines and tax high-value goods. These dynamics have forced livelihood adaptation as rural households increase subsistence agriculture, deepen local reciprocity and barter practices and shift social roles – especially for women. Driven both by necessity and anti-dictatorship grievances, we find that practices of mutuality, resource pooling and adaptation, encouraged by roadblocks and the constraints they impose on movement, are deepening the structural resolve of communities to support the resistance movement in the struggle against dictatorship.
This paper is the fifth in a new working paper series on Roadblocks and revenues, a collaboration between ICTD, the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), and the Centre on Armed Groups (CAG).
The working paper series is generously funded by the Carlsberg Foundation under the Semper Ardens: Accelerate grant ‘TRADECRAFT’. Read more about the project here.
- Read the first paper, which introduces the working paper series, here;
- The second one, which focuses on cross-border trade and state formation in Afghanistan, here;
- The third, on the political economy of opium flows in Burma/Myanmar, here;
- The fourth, on criminal group checkpoints governing cross-border smuggling between Colombia & Venezuela, here
