Tax and Informality

Research Theme

Informality and Tax

While research has historically focused on formal systems of taxation and user fees, there is mounting evidence of the importance of “informal” taxation for average taxpayers in much of Africa. While lying outside of statutory laws, the “tax-like” payments – which include informal user fees, informal contributions to community development projects, and informal payments to both state and non-state officials – impose a significant burden on many taxpayers, while playing a critical role in financing local public goods and services and shaping broader local governance.

Our research aims to map the extent, composition and experiences of these payments, and to understand their implications for livelihoods, fiscal decentralisation, service delivery and broader local governance reform. One strand of our work looks closely at taxation in fragile settings, examining the challenges, risks, and opportunities it presents for peacebuilding, state-building, and citizen engagement.

We have also established a Community of Practice on Informality and Tax, a global network of practitioners and scholars committed to improving both knowledge and policy on how tax authorities engage with informal economies.

Tax and Informality

Led By

Informality and Tax Library

Journal Article

Checkpoint Taxation and Neo-patrimonial Political Order in Afghanistan

March 2026
Sarajuddin Isar

Journal Article

Not-so-Freeway: A Relational Approach to Checkpoints and Conflict in Northeast India

March 2026
Shalaka Thakur

Book

Elgar Encyclopedia of African Politics Chapter 31: Formalisation

March 2026
Max Gallien, Vanessa van den Boogaard

Book

Elgar Encyclopedia of African Politics Chapter 82: Taxation and state-building

March 2026
Vanessa van den Boogaard, Tanya Bandula-Irwin

Partner Publication

Beyond the state, but reinforcing it? Informal tax institutions and state legitimacy in the Democratic Republic of Congo

February 2026
Vanessa van den Boogaard, Yannick Lokaya Bokasola, Gayatri Sahgal, Caleb Jérémie Dohou

Working Paper

Variations in Accountability Systems of Informal Taxation Across Regions in Kaduna State, Nigeria

February 2026
Jacob Aondohemba Iormbagah

Partner Publication

Progressive yet unfair: the case of informal taxes in the education sector in the DRC

February 2026
Bienvenu Matungulu, Tom De Herdt, Kamala C. Kaghoma

Working Paper

Zakat as Non-State Social Welfare Provision: Distributional Dynamics and Gender Equity in Pakistan

January 2026
Max Gallien, Umair Javed, Vanessa van den Boogaard

Journal Article

Predatory Peace: Fiscal Fragmentation and Coercive Statebuilding in South Sudan and Beyond

January 2026
Matthew Benson

Working Paper

Thinking Beyond Revenue: Estimating the Cost Effectiveness of Ghana’s Presumptive Tax Stamp

December 2025
Max Gallien, Alex Kombat

Policy Brief

Why the Informal Sector Is Not a Tax Goldmine

October 2025
Max Gallien

Partner Publication

Tax, informality and gender equity in lower-income countries

October 2025
Max Gallien, Vanessa van den Boogaard
16 April 2020 – 14:00

•

Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Library Road, Falmer, Brighton, UK

Read the summary of this event, and see the speakers’ presentations here. As the world grapples with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, vulnerable workers in the informal sector in the global south have been hit hard. As vendors working

25 September 2018 – 18:00

•

Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, Bloor Street West, Toronto, ON, Canada

The Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy is hosting a launch of our book Taxing Africa: Coercion, Reform and Development. The event will be held on Tuesday September 25th from 6:00 – 8:00pm in the Round Room on

19 September 2018 – 18:30

•

Khalili Lecture Theatre, SOAS

The Royal African Society is hosting a launch of our newly published book Taxing Africa: Coercion, Reform and Development, the latest in the African Arguments Series. The event will be held at SOAS in London. Speakers: Mick Moore, Professorial Fellow,

24 May 2018 – 16:00

•

Munk School of Global Affairs, Devonshire Place, Toronto, ON, Canada

Taxation is at the centre of the relationship between state and society. In conflict-affected countries, it can be especially critical to rebuilding infrastructure and ensuring sustainable peace and development. When policymakers and international donors approach the task of rebuilding fiscal

Current

Traditional Leaders, Taxation, and Statebuilding in Sierra Leone

Start date: 01/04/2024

Current

Informal Taxation and Gender in the Informal Economy in Accra

Start date: 30/09/2021

Current

The Logic of Armed Group Taxation

Start date: 15/10/2020

Completed

The Role of Fiscal Policies in Cannabis Legalisation: Learning from Malawi’s Experience

Start date: 01/06/2024

Completed

Aiding the War & Neglecting Citizens: International Donor Policy

Start date: 07/09/2022

Completed

Not-so-freeway- informal taxation and the everyday cost of conflict in Northeast India

Start date: 02/11/2022

Completed

Taxpayer engagement and government accountability in Kenya

Start date: 01/11/2022

Completed

Informal taxation and gender in the informal economy in Accra

Start date: 01/11/2022

Completed

Assessing the capability of market vendors in promoting good tax governance in local councils in Malawi

Start date: 01/11/2022

Completed

Taliban Taxation System in Afghanistan

Start date: 01/02/2021

Completed

What is the incidence of informal taxation on inequality in access to school?

Start date: 18/01/2021

Completed

Tax and Gender in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Start date: 01/03/2021
Alex Kombat
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Research Affiliate
Eugénie Ribault
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Doctoral Fellow
Headshot of Ezera Madzivanyika
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Research Affiliate
Frederik Heitmüller
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Associate Postdoctoral Fellow
Hannelore Niesten
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Associate Postdoctoral Fellow
Jalia Kangave
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Associate Research Fellow
Michael Rogan
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Research Affiliate
Mick Moore
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Research Fellow & Publications Editor
Najibullah Nor Isak
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Research Affiliate
Nana Akua Anyidoho
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Research Affiliate
Nicolas Orgeira Pillai
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Doctoral Fellow
Headshot of Oyebola Okunogbe
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Research Affiliate
Rhiannon McCluskey
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Research Affiliate
Ronald Waiswa
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Research Affiliate
Samuel Jibao
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Research Affiliate
Seid Yimam Mohamed
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Doctoral Fellow
Tanya Bandula-Irwin
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Research Affiliate
Umair Javed
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Research Affiliate
Wilson Prichard
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Associate Research Fellow, ICTD and Chair, LoGRI

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