Tax and Informality

Research Theme

Informality and Tax

While research has historically focused on formal systems of taxation and user fees, there is mounting evidence of the importance of “informal” taxation for average taxpayers in much of Africa. While lying outside of statutory laws, the “tax-like” payments – which include informal user fees, informal contributions to community development projects, and informal payments to both state and non-state officials – impose a significant burden on many taxpayers, while playing a critical role in financing local public goods and services and shaping broader local governance.

Our research aims to map the extent, composition and experiences of these payments, and to understand their implications for livelihoods, fiscal decentralisation, service delivery and broader local governance reform. One strand of our work looks closely at taxation in fragile settings, examining the challenges, risks, and opportunities it presents for peacebuilding, state-building, and citizen engagement.

We have also established a Community of Practice on Informality and Tax, a global network of practitioners and scholars committed to improving both knowledge and policy on how tax authorities engage with informal economies.

Tax and Informality

Led By

Informality and Tax Library

Journal Article

Checkpoint Taxation and Neo-patrimonial Political Order in Afghanistan

March 2026
Sarajuddin Isar

Journal Article

Not-so-Freeway: A Relational Approach to Checkpoints and Conflict in Northeast India

March 2026
Shalaka Thakur

Book

Elgar Encyclopedia of African Politics Chapter 31: Formalisation

March 2026
Max Gallien, Vanessa van den Boogaard

Book

Elgar Encyclopedia of African Politics Chapter 82: Taxation and state-building

March 2026
Vanessa van den Boogaard, Tanya Bandula-Irwin

Partner Publication

Beyond the state, but reinforcing it? Informal tax institutions and state legitimacy in the Democratic Republic of Congo

February 2026
Vanessa van den Boogaard, Yannick Lokaya Bokasola, Gayatri Sahgal, Caleb Jérémie Dohou

Working Paper

Variations in Accountability Systems of Informal Taxation Across Regions in Kaduna State, Nigeria

February 2026
Jacob Aondohemba Iormbagah

Partner Publication

Progressive yet unfair: the case of informal taxes in the education sector in the DRC

February 2026
Bienvenu Matungulu, Tom De Herdt, Kamala C. Kaghoma

Working Paper

Zakat as Non-State Social Welfare Provision: Distributional Dynamics and Gender Equity in Pakistan

January 2026
Max Gallien, Umair Javed, Vanessa van den Boogaard

Journal Article

Predatory Peace: Fiscal Fragmentation and Coercive Statebuilding in South Sudan and Beyond

January 2026
Matthew Benson

Working Paper

Thinking Beyond Revenue: Estimating the Cost Effectiveness of Ghana’s Presumptive Tax Stamp

December 2025
Max Gallien, Alex Kombat

Policy Brief

Why the Informal Sector Is Not a Tax Goldmine

October 2025
Max Gallien

Partner Publication

Tax, informality and gender equity in lower-income countries

October 2025
Max Gallien, Vanessa van den Boogaard

Webinar

2 December 2026 – 14:00

•

Timezone: CET

The second webinar of the ATI-ICTD Tax and Informality series answers the questions: how can tax policies more effectively target higher-income earners within informal sectors? What role can targeting and risk-based registration play? How can the taxation of professionals be

Webinar

28 October 2026 – 14:00

•

Timezone: UTC+2

As of 2024, 50% of the world’s extreme poor lived in fragility, conflict and violence affected countries, and this figure is only projected to increase in the coming years. Fragile and conflict-affected contexts present some of the most complex challenges

Virtual

23 September 2026 – 15:00

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Timezone: East Africa Time

ICTD Senior Research Fellow, Vanessa van den Boogaard, will be speaking at a webinar hosted by the Local Public Sector Alliance Gender Equity and Women’s Empowerment Working Group and Subnational Finance Working Group, in partnership with The Hague Academy for

Virtual

30 September 2026 – 15:00

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Timezone: Europe/Gibraltar

How effective are the most common approaches to taxing informal sectors? What does the available evidence tell us about their implications for revenue administration, efficiency, and equity? What are the key issues to consider for reform or for developing new

Current

Zakat, tax and the state: Obligation and charity in times of Covid-19

Start date: 01/11/2020

Current

Not-so-freeway-informal taxation and the everyday cost of conflict in Northeast India

Start date: 01/03/2020

Completed

Disentangling the Effects of Ethnicity and Social Intermediaries on Informal Sector Tax in Lagos, Nigeria

Start date: 01/03/2020

Current

Formalization, Tax Appeals, and Social Intermediaries in Lagos, Nigeria

Start date: 29/11/2019
Alex Kombat
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Research Affiliate
Eugénie Ribault
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Doctoral Fellow
Headshot of Ezera Madzivanyika
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Research Affiliate
Frederik Heitmüller
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Associate Postdoctoral Fellow
Hannelore Niesten
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Associate Postdoctoral Fellow
Jalia Kangave
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Associate Research Fellow
Michael Rogan
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Research Affiliate
Mick Moore
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Research Fellow & Publications Editor
Najibullah Nor Isak
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Research Affiliate
Nana Akua Anyidoho
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Research Affiliate
Nicolas Orgeira Pillai
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Doctoral Fellow
Headshot of Oyebola Okunogbe
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Research Affiliate
Rhiannon McCluskey
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Research Affiliate
Ronald Waiswa
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Research Affiliate
Samuel Jibao
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Research Affiliate
Seid Yimam Mohamed
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Doctoral Fellow
Tanya Bandula-Irwin
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Research Affiliate
Umair Javed
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Research Affiliate
Wilson Prichard
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Associate Research Fellow, ICTD and Chair, LoGRI

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