Tax and Informality

Research Theme

Informality and Tax

While research has historically focused on formal systems of taxation and user fees, there is mounting evidence of the importance of “informal” taxation for average taxpayers in much of Africa. While lying outside of statutory laws, the “tax-like” payments – which include informal user fees, informal contributions to community development projects, and informal payments to both state and non-state officials – impose a significant burden on many taxpayers, while playing a critical role in financing local public goods and services and shaping broader local governance.

Our research aims to map the extent, composition and experiences of these payments, and to understand their implications for livelihoods, fiscal decentralisation, service delivery and broader local governance reform. One strand of our work looks closely at taxation in fragile settings, examining the challenges, risks, and opportunities it presents for peacebuilding, state-building, and citizen engagement.

We have also established a Community of Practice on Informality and Tax, a global network of practitioners and scholars committed to improving both knowledge and policy on how tax authorities engage with informal economies.

Tax and Informality

Led By

Informality and Tax Library

Research in Brief

A Tax by Any Other Name? Conceptions of Taxation and Implications for Research

February 2025
Ane Karoline Bak, Vanessa van den Boogaard, Deanndre Chen

Working Paper

The Political Economy of Taxation in Somalia: Historical Legacies, Informal Institutions, and Political Settlements

January 2025
Vanessa van den Boogaard, Najibullah Nor Isak

Journal Article

The taxed informal economy: Fiscal burdens and inequality in Accra

December 2024
Nana Akua Anyidoho, Max Gallien, Michael Rogan, Vanessa van den Boogaard

Partner Publication

Taxing Informal Economies: Practices, Challenges & Ways Forward

December 2024
Ezera Madzivanyika, Ronald Waiswa, Nthabiseng Debeila, Max Gallien, Vanessa van den Boogaard, Mary Abounabhan

Partner Publication

‘Escaping Isn’t for Everyone’: Kurdish Smugglers’ Navigational Tactics at Checkpoints in Iran

October 2024
Peyman Zinati

African Tax Administration Paper

Improving Revenue Collection in Malawi. Tax Collectors’ Perspectives

October 2024
Nyanyiwe Sulu, Mick Moore

Journal Article

Zakat, Non-state Welfare Provision and Redistribution in Times of Crisis: Evidence from the Covid-19 Pandemic

October 2024
Max Gallien, Umair Javed, Vanessa van den Boogaard

Research in Brief

The Price of Simplicity: Skewed and Regressive Taxation in Accra’s Informal Sector

October 2024
Nana Akua Anyidoho, Max Gallien, Michael Rogan, Vanessa van den Boogaard

Partner Publication

Beyond the Rebel Territorial Trap: Governing Logistics and Armed Group Sovereignty

September 2024
Tony Neil, Saw Day Chit

Partner Publication

Taxing Informal Workers Fairly to Reduce Inequality and Support Inclusion

September 2024
Nana Akua Anyidoho, Max Gallien, Michael Rogan, Vanessa van den Boogaard

Research in Brief

An Overlooked Market: Loose Cigarettes, Informal Vendors, and Their Implications for Tobacco Taxation

September 2024
Max Gallien, Evert-jan Quak, Giovanni Occhiali, Hana Ross

Partner Publication

Roadblocks at the Rhythm of the Country: A Political Sociology of Roadblocks in DR Congo

September 2024
Judith Verweijen, Kasper Hoffmann, Godefroid Muzalia

Webinar

2 December 2026 – 14:00

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Timezone: CET

The second webinar of the ATI-ICTD Tax and Informality series answers the questions: how can tax policies more effectively target higher-income earners within informal sectors? What role can targeting and risk-based registration play? How can the taxation of professionals be

Webinar

28 October 2026 – 14:00

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Timezone: UTC+2

As of 2024, 50% of the world’s extreme poor lived in fragility, conflict and violence affected countries, and this figure is only projected to increase in the coming years. Fragile and conflict-affected contexts present some of the most complex challenges

Virtual

23 September 2026 – 15:00

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Timezone: East Africa Time

ICTD Senior Research Fellow, Vanessa van den Boogaard, will be speaking at a webinar hosted by the Local Public Sector Alliance Gender Equity and Women’s Empowerment Working Group and Subnational Finance Working Group, in partnership with The Hague Academy for

Virtual

30 September 2026 – 15:00

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Timezone: Europe/Gibraltar

How effective are the most common approaches to taxing informal sectors? What does the available evidence tell us about their implications for revenue administration, efficiency, and equity? What are the key issues to consider for reform or for developing new

Current

Zakat, tax and the state: Obligation and charity in times of Covid-19

Start date: 01/11/2020

Current

Not-so-freeway-informal taxation and the everyday cost of conflict in Northeast India

Start date: 01/03/2020

Completed

Disentangling the Effects of Ethnicity and Social Intermediaries on Informal Sector Tax in Lagos, Nigeria

Start date: 01/03/2020

Current

Formalization, Tax Appeals, and Social Intermediaries in Lagos, Nigeria

Start date: 29/11/2019
Alex Kombat
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Research Affiliate
Eugénie Ribault
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Doctoral Fellow
Headshot of Ezera Madzivanyika
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Research Affiliate
Frederik Heitmüller
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Associate Postdoctoral Fellow
Hannelore Niesten
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Associate Postdoctoral Fellow
Jalia Kangave
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Associate Research Fellow
Michael Rogan
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Research Affiliate
Mick Moore
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Research Fellow & Publications Editor
Najibullah Nor Isak
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Research Affiliate
Nana Akua Anyidoho
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Research Affiliate
Nicolas Orgeira Pillai
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Doctoral Fellow
Headshot of Oyebola Okunogbe
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Research Affiliate
Rhiannon McCluskey
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Research Affiliate
Ronald Waiswa
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Research Affiliate
Samuel Jibao
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Research Affiliate
Seid Yimam Mohamed
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Doctoral Fellow
Tanya Bandula-Irwin
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Research Affiliate
Umair Javed
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Research Affiliate
Wilson Prichard
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Associate Research Fellow, ICTD and Chair, LoGRI

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