Tax and Informality

Research Theme

Informality and Tax

While research has historically focused on formal systems of taxation and user fees, there is mounting evidence of the importance of “informal” taxation for average taxpayers in much of Africa. While lying outside of statutory laws, the “tax-like” payments – which include informal user fees, informal contributions to community development projects, and informal payments to both state and non-state officials – impose a significant burden on many taxpayers, while playing a critical role in financing local public goods and services and shaping broader local governance.

Our research aims to map the extent, composition and experiences of these payments, and to understand their implications for livelihoods, fiscal decentralisation, service delivery and broader local governance reform. One strand of our work looks closely at taxation in fragile settings, examining the challenges, risks, and opportunities it presents for peacebuilding, state-building, and citizen engagement.

We have also established a Community of Practice on Informality and Tax, a global network of practitioners and scholars committed to improving both knowledge and policy on how tax authorities engage with informal economies.

Tax and Informality

Led By

Informality and Tax Library

Research in Brief

Co-Financing Community-Driven Development Through Informal Taxation: Experimental Evidence from South-Central Somalia

October 2021
Vanessa van den Boogaard, Fabrizio Santoro

Working Paper

Rethinking Formalisation: A Conceptual Critique and Research Agenda

October 2021
Max Gallien, Vanessa van den Boogaard

Working Paper

Co-Financing Community-Driven Development Through Informal Taxation: Experimental Evidence from South-Central Somalia

September 2021
Vanessa van den Boogaard, Fabrizio Santoro

Working Paper

Taxation and Customs Reforms in Fragile States: Between Bargaining and Enforcement

May 2021
Thomas Cantens, Gaël Raballand

Policy Brief

Taxing the Informal Economy is not a Silver Bullet for Financing Development – or the Covid-19 Recovery

April 2021
Max Gallien, Vanessa van den Boogaard, Mick Moore

Working Paper

Explaining Informal Taxation and Revenue Generation: Evidence from south-central Somalia

March 2021
Vanessa van den Boogaard, Fabrizio Santoro

Journal Article

Thick claims and thin rights: Taxation and the construction of analogue property rights in Lagos

July 2020
Tom Goodfellow, Olly Owen

Working Paper

Toilets Not Taxes: Gender Inequity in Dar es Salaam’s City Markets

November 2018
Marius Siebert, Anna Mbise

Working Paper

Gender and the Formal and Informal Systems of Local Public Finance in Sierra Leone

November 2018
Vanessa van den Boogaard

Journal Article

Informal Taxation in Sierra Leone: Magnitudes, Perceptions and Implications

October 2018
Vanessa van den Boogaard, Wilson Prichard, Samuel Jibao

Journal Article

Norms, Networks, Power and Control: Understanding Informal Payments and Brokerage in Cross-Border Trade in Sierra Leone

August 2018
Vanessa van den Boogaard, Wilson Prichard, Samuel Jibao

Research in Brief

Norms, Networks, Power, and Control: Understanding Informal Payments and Brokerage in Crossborder Trade in Sierra Leone

June 2018
Vanessa van den Boogaard, Wilson Prichard, Samuel Jibao

Webinar

2 December 2026 – 14:00

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Timezone: CET

The second webinar of the ATI-ICTD Tax and Informality series answers the questions: how can tax policies more effectively target higher-income earners within informal sectors? What role can targeting and risk-based registration play? How can the taxation of professionals be

Webinar

28 October 2026 – 14:00

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Timezone: UTC+2

As of 2024, 50% of the world’s extreme poor lived in fragility, conflict and violence affected countries, and this figure is only projected to increase in the coming years. Fragile and conflict-affected contexts present some of the most complex challenges

Virtual

23 September 2026 – 15:00

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Timezone: East Africa Time

ICTD Senior Research Fellow, Vanessa van den Boogaard, will be speaking at a webinar hosted by the Local Public Sector Alliance Gender Equity and Women’s Empowerment Working Group and Subnational Finance Working Group, in partnership with The Hague Academy for

Virtual

30 September 2026 – 15:00

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Timezone: Europe/Gibraltar

How effective are the most common approaches to taxing informal sectors? What does the available evidence tell us about their implications for revenue administration, efficiency, and equity? What are the key issues to consider for reform or for developing new

Current

Zakat, tax and the state: Obligation and charity in times of Covid-19

Start date: 01/11/2020

Current

Not-so-freeway-informal taxation and the everyday cost of conflict in Northeast India

Start date: 01/03/2020

Completed

Disentangling the Effects of Ethnicity and Social Intermediaries on Informal Sector Tax in Lagos, Nigeria

Start date: 01/03/2020

Current

Formalization, Tax Appeals, and Social Intermediaries in Lagos, Nigeria

Start date: 29/11/2019
Alex Kombat
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Research Affiliate
Eugénie Ribault
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Doctoral Fellow
Headshot of Ezera Madzivanyika
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Research Affiliate
Frederik Heitmüller
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Associate Postdoctoral Fellow
Hannelore Niesten
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Associate Postdoctoral Fellow
Jalia Kangave
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Associate Research Fellow
Michael Rogan
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Research Affiliate
Mick Moore
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Research Fellow & Publications Editor
Najibullah Nor Isak
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Research Affiliate
Nana Akua Anyidoho
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Research Affiliate
Nicolas Orgeira Pillai
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Doctoral Fellow
Headshot of Oyebola Okunogbe
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Research Affiliate
Rhiannon McCluskey
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Research Affiliate
Ronald Waiswa
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Research Affiliate
Samuel Jibao
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Research Affiliate
Seid Yimam Mohamed
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Doctoral Fellow
Tanya Bandula-Irwin
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Research Affiliate
Umair Javed
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Research Affiliate
Wilson Prichard
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Associate Research Fellow, ICTD and Chair, LoGRI

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